Table 1 Types of feedback (adapted from Ellis ibid.: 97–98)
Feedback strategy | Description |
|---|---|
Direct corrective feedback | Teacher provides the correct form |
Indirect corrective feedback | Teacher tells the students that there is an error, but doesn’t correct it. This may or may not include locating the problem (via underling etc.). |
Metalinguistic corrective feedback | Teacher gives metalinguistic clues to students to help them understand the nature of the problem. This can be done by using error codes or by providing brief grammatical descriptions. |
Focus of feedback | Teacher can choose to provide feedback on selective errors (called focused or intensive feedback), or provide feedback on all (or most) errors (called unfocused or extensive feedback). |
Electronic feedback | Teacher highlights the error and provides a hyperlink that provides additional information about the error. |
Reformulation | Teacher rewrites students’ text. |