Table 1 Swales’ CARS model (adapted from Swales 1990, 141)

Move one

Establishing a territory

 Step 1

 Claiming centrality and/or

 Step 2

 Making topic generalization(s) and/or

 Step 3

 Reviewing items of previous research

Move two

Establishing a niche

 Step 1A

 Counter-claiming

 Step 1B

 Indicating a gap

 Step 1C

 Question-raising

 Step 1D

 Continuing a tradition

Move three

Occupying the niche

 Step 1A

 Outlining purposes

 Step 1B

 Announcing present research

 Step 2

 Announcing principal findings

 Step 3

 Indicating RA structure