Table 4 Temporal meanings in Bowen (2010)

1

The arrival of some 35,000 Chinese gold miners to Victoria during the 1850s increased demand for fish, a Chinese dietary staple.

during the 1850s

3

In each of these regions fishing has historically played a major economic role.

historically^a

4

Many of these Chinese migrants probably already had commercial fishing experience.

already

6

At a time when most Melbourne and Sydney based European fishermen were earning approximately £50 per year Chinese people working in Australia were earning that much every day.

At a time [[when most Melbourne and Sydney based European fishermen were earning approximately £50 per year]]

7.1

During the 1860s, one Chinese fish dealer, and there were many, earned over ten times more from fish sales annually than both Melbourne’s and Sydney’s European fish markets combined.

During the 1860s

10.1

For approximately 20 years from the early 1850s Chinese people in the US caught and cured whatever fish came into their nets.

For approximately 20 years

from the early 1850s

11.1

By the 1870s, specialized catching and curing camps were established

By the 1870s

13

In 1880, an estimated $229,858 (US) worth of Chinese cured fish was exported from San Francisco to Hong Kong.

In 1880

14.3

This was a substantial amount especially considering that the retail value of all fresh fish sold in the San Francisco markets during 1877 was only US$220,000.

during 1887

16.2

Archival and archeological evidence from America’s Chinese fishing history correlates with recent research from Australia to suggest material connection that provide an important basis for studying Chinese migrations during the 19^th century.

during the 19^th century