Table 6 Spatial meanings in Bowen (2010)

1

The arrival of some 35,000 Chinese gold miners to Victoria during the 1850s increased demand for fish, a Chinese dietary staple.

to Victoria

2

The majority of these migrants were impoverished lower class men from the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian and the island of Amoy.

from the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian and the island of Amoy

3

In each of these regions fishing has historically played a major economic role.

In each of these regions

6

At a time when most Melbourne and Sydney based European fishermen were earning approximately £50 per year Chinese people working in Australia were earning that much every day.

in Australia

8

Chinese participation in Australia’s early commercial fishing industry has not received the same attention as that in the United States of America (US).

in the United States of America (US)

in Australia’s early commercial fishing industry

9.2

As will be shown, the Australian example mirrors the situation in the US

in the U.S.

9.3

where Chinese immigrants to the mid-nineteenth century gold rushes took up niche economic positions in labour-intensive work areas such as market gardening and fishing.

in labour-intensive work areas [such as market gardening and fishing

to the mid-nineteenth century gold rushes

10.1

For approximately 20 years

from the early 1850s Chinese people in the US caught

in the US

10.2

and cured whatever fish came into their nets.

into their nets

12.1

Only a small quantity of Chinese cured fish was consumed in the US,

in the US

12.2

the majority going to market in China in both a dry state in bags and having been pickled in casks

to market

in China

in bags

in casks

13

In 1880, an estimated $229,858 (US) worth of Chinese cured fish was exported from San Francisco to Hong Kong.

from San Francisco to Hong Kong

14.3

…that the retail value of all fresh fish [[(that were) sold in the San Francisco fish markets during 1877 was only US$220,000.

in the San Francisco fish markets

15.1

As in Australia, there are documented complaints in the US about the methods the Chinese used to catch fish

in Australia,

in the US

16.1

Archival and archeological evidence from America’s Chinese fishing history correlates with recent research from Australia

from America’s Chinese fishing history,

from Australia

17

This article offers an overview of Chinese fish-curing operations in colonial Australia.

in colonial Australia

18.2

It uses primary documents and field research to supplement the limited discussion in Australia’s written histories and scholarly works.

in Australia’s written histories and scholarly works

19

The likely internal structure of Chinese fish-curing establishments such as ownership, management arrangements and labour requirements is examined along with a range of questions concerning the activities of Chinese fish curers in colonial Australia.

in colonial Australia

20.2

…that Chinese people generated far greater wealth from Australia’s colonial fishing industry…

from Australia’s colonial fishing industry

Total

8

7

9

2