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Table 2 Analyzing external voices with engagement: four categories of dialogic voicing

From: Using the Appraisal framework to analyze source use in essays: a case study of engagement and dialogism in two undergraduate students’ writing

Engagement

Term

Description

Example

dialogic contraction

pronouncement

closes down a dialogue; can be a bare assertion that looks like facts.

- This is really the case.

- It is true that…

disclaim or deny

narrows down the possible answers

- They believe this but the study shows that they are wrong.

dialogic expansion

entertain and highlight

recognizes other possible truths and uncertainties

- That is an option.

- They must look at this.

possibility or probability

recognizes other points of view; the chances of a statement being true

- Other people might think...

- It is most likely true.