Table 3 Other categories for analyzing external voices
Category | Question addressed | Possible answers | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
textual integration | How is the text incorporated? | - Quotation | - Smith(1999) says, “this is...” |
- paraphrase | - Smith (1999) states… | ||
- quotation and paraphrase | - Smith (1999) states … and that people “should…” | ||
author integration | Is the external voice mentioned in the text? | - yes (integrated) | - Smith (1999) states… |
- no, end of text citation only | - It is known that… (Smith, 1999). | ||
vocalization | Who/what is the subject/agent of the sentence? Whose voice is present? | - external voice | - Smith (1999) states… |
- authorial voice | - I believe… | ||
- abstract / inanimate object | - The reality is… It is important | ||
- animate object / passive voice | - Research shows… It is known… | ||
endorsement | Does the student endorse the external voice’s ideas? | - yes (endorsed) | - Smith (1999) effectively shows… |
- no | - Smith (1999) claims to know… |